In Iranian law, applications for divorce filed by the wife are accepted by the courts only in limited circumstances. One such circumstance is when the continuation of married life becomes so difficult for the wife that it is intolerable, a situation referred to as ‘hardship and distress’ (ʿusr va haraj). Since the law does not specify the conditions under which hardship and distress resulting from physical violence are realized, judicial practice plays a decisive role in clarifying these conditions. The research method adopted in this study is analytical. It examines judicial decisions concerning the establishment or non-establishment of hardship and distress in cases where the wife has relied on allegations of physical assault and battery, and critically evaluates the approach taken by the courts. The main research question is what criteria courts employ to determine hardship and distress arising from physical violence, and whether these criteria are appropriate and fair. The findings support the article’s hypothesis that criteria such as multiple criminal convictions of the husband or the continuity of violence should not be considered necessary conditions for establishing hardship and distress, and therefore should be subject to critique and reform. This is because violence is usually not a random or isolated occurrence, and even a single conviction of the husband for assaulting the wife may indicate a persistent pattern of violent behavior within the marital relationship. In conclusion, it is recommended that the legislator enact specific regulations—particularly with regard to the burden of proof in cases of domestic violence—and facilitate this process for wives. Preventive measures related to divorce, such as continuous education for couples aimed at improving life skills, the provision of appropriate and timely psychological and legal counseling, and the training of judges, should also be prioritized and duly implemented by the relevant institutions.

Domestic violence is a serious concern for academic disciplines that focus on the family. The Holy Quran, as a divine source, encompasses discussions on the family, generally aiming to structure this central institution of human society. This research evaluates the issue of domestic violence, focusing on the clarification of the "wife beating" dilemma, to provide a Quranic perspective on this issue. In response to this dilemma, the material is organized on two levels: 1. Comprehensive Analysis: A comprehensive analysis of the Quran's approach to domestic violence and how to manage the thoughts of human society to move away from this inhumane culture is presented. In this section, it is proven that the Quran has strived to organize all the factors that shape domestic violence through a culture-building process. 2.Intra-Textual Analysis: An intra-textual analysis of verse 34 of Surah Nisa is provided. This interpretation, which takes into account the Quran's general view of domestic violence, clarifies that the mentioned verse does not support violence in the family. Instead, it prescribes the husband's action in this regard within the framework of family health and places the husband in the position of a ruler aware of Islamic laws. 

In spite of religious order in Quran that husband and wife, must compatible each other, there has been set out in verse 34 of Surah An-Nisa' regulations that jurists and lawyers, do not agree at their purport and application conditions. Specially what is meant by this section "to beat them" in the Sura. According to the prominent opinion of Shiite Jurists, what is meant by beating is exactly the act of beating wife bodily. However, few jurists believe that the verse prescribe not to speak to women. Although the later has no power to contradict the former, but on the basis of some of indisputable legal principles and laws, the acceptance of enforceability of the prominent opinion is too difficult.

The word "beating" (dharb) has several meanings that some of which are figurative and some are real. Whereas the husband is allowed to beat his shrew wife according to the Quran and traditions in addition to the jurisprudential decrees as one of the (allowed) punishments in facing such wives; the question is if God intended the corporal by punishment "beating" according to which the most of the jurists tended to it, or He intended the figurative meaning which is ‘avoiding’? Based on practicing religious jurisprudence method in addition to some testimonies and witnesses, it is proved that God intended the real meaning of "beating" word in the verse of "beating the shrew wives". So, the doubts propounded in this field should not be heeded. Of course, it should be regarded that the corporal punishment is considered to be selected in the final stage in facing the shrew wife as a non-obligatory alternative however, it is recommended to the husband to forgive his shrew wife. Furthermore, possibility of using another logical approach which psychologists and sociologists recommend all show that the Holly lawgiver regards to real meaning of mentioned instruments and there is no need in this field to understanding contrary to the popularity.

An eighty-year-old male was referred to our center because of dizziness and palpitation for the previous two weeks. He had no history of syncope and the drug history was unremarkable. Figure 1 shows the resting ECG, interpreted as complete heart block by the referring physician. A transthoracic echocardiography was done and showed a left ventricular ejection fraction of 35% and a severely calcified mitral valve with an estimated mitral valve orifice area of 1.4 cm2.Group beating was observed on the ECG, and a closer look at the ECG suggested the diagnosis of sino-atrial node Wenckebach (SANW) exit block. Premature atrial beat trigeminy could have also explained the group beating of the P-waves. However, the similarity of the P-wave morphologies and the confirmation of the diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome by electrophysiology study made this diagnosis unlikely and suggested the SANW as the cause of P-wave group beating.Apparently there seems to be a conduction defect at the atrio-ventricular nodal (AVN) level. The PR interval of the first conducted P-wave is longer (first black arrow) than the subsequent PR interval, which is then followed by a non-conducted P-wave. Nevertheless, a close look at the ECG reveals the real underlying mechanism of apparent AV block. Due to SANW, the PP intervals gradually shorten and the third P-wave is blocked as it encounters the physiologic refractory period of the AVN. After the third P-wave, there is a pause due to SA exit block (4th P-wave, blocked at the SAN level) followed by a conducted P-wave with a long PR interval. This phenomenon could be best explained by phase-four (bradycardia-dependent) conduction blocks.Electrocardiographic changes in this patient could also be explained by the effect of cyclelength duration on infra-Hissian conduction. Thus, PR interval prolongation can be due to His-Purkinje refractoriness in the longer cycle length. The shorter PR interval in the next beat may be due to a decrease in the HV interval in the shorter cycle length. In this scenario, the last P-wave would be blocked in the AV node.

Studies on wife abuse show that men committed violence behavior against their wives have experienced a high degree of violence in their childhood. Children who have witnessed their mothers being beaten in their adulthood, girls have tendency to tolerate the violence and boys perceive the abuse of wife as their right.The aim of the present article is to study wife abuse and contributing factors in Iran . Data gathered through a random sample of 180 women in two groups of women who were beaten by their spouse and after complaint were referred to legal medicine or Women who were referred to the physician for other reasons. The most important finding of the research was that the factor affecting wife abuse is culturalThe men who had witnessed their mothers being beaten in the family in childhood, husbands addicted to drugs and with criminal records and those with more than one wife have a higher tendency to violence against women